The earliest European J2-M172 is found in Neolithic Sopot Culture in Hungary (sample ALE14, ca. 7000 ybp ). Further testing most likely will show this men positive for L283 and then give proof of presence for 7 millennia in Southeast Europe.
The known NextGenSequences (NGS, see J2-M172 Research Tree simplified) for L283 are currently 52. Of them those are not European:
YHRD J2b-M241 map, even without good geographical coverage the map gives some insight
- L283>CTS3681
RISE408 ancient Armenia ~1109 BC - L283>Z590>Z584>Z638>Z1296>Z1297>Z631>Z1048>Z8425>Z8429
EB-16138 Cochin-Jewish India
Hammer et al 2009 list 44 of 952 Jewish Y-chromosomes as positive for J2b-M12 (4.6%) of which 16 are assigned to Cohanim lineages out of a total of 215 (7.4%).
Wim Penninx in his analysis of the known Y-DNA ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews
estimates the TMRCA of the Jewish DYS455=8 group to 369-906 CE and currently lists no most likely origin.
References
plos-genetics
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
plos-genetics
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-1c238b7ee50e31221c5119dca27f633e%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
apa showimage=”yes” urlwrap=”image” download=”yes” cite=”yes” title=”yes”
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
apa
year
1
1
1
image
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-bd7b29373828a615928a6bf294c530b7%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
chicago-fullnote-bibliography
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
chicago-fullnote-bibliography
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-6d139e7abe504cd823364a3154c0c74e%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
technische-universitat-wien
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
technische-universitat-wien
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-8f2f99fab5163b149536a92a99de2d3e%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
ecological-genetics-and-genomics
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
ecological-genetics-and-genomics
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-4ff259f0c124442229a7c47569772a96%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
journal-of-genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
journal-of-genetic-engineering-and-biotechnology
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-e3e7f5716006784fbd0290b7cf65951f%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114
freie-universitat-berlin-geographische-wissenschaften
{695365:P3BP8J38};{695365:6P3PXW2I};{695365:AJUS9ETB};{695365:T6XCHVMM};{695365:5SJS3H4N}
freie-universitat-berlin-geographische-wissenschaften
0
1100
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3A%22zotpress-4fd55bb6ea4d1b1e262c89981ce73ace%22%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22P3BP8J38%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ESzecsenyi-Nagy%20A.%20Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%26%23xE4%3Bt.%202015.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20population%20history%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szecsenyi-Nagy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Der%20Fokus%20dieser%20Dissertation%20ist%20die%20populationsgenetische%20Analyse%20der%20neolithischen%20Bev%5Cu00f6lkerungswechsel%20in%20den%206.-5.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Christus%2C%20die%20im%20westlichen%20Karpatenbecken%20stattfanden.%20Die%20Zielsetzung%20der%20Studie%20war%2C%20mittels%20der%20Analyse%20von%20mitochondrialer%20und%20Y-chromosomaler%20aDNA%2C%20den%20Genpool%20der%20sechs%20neolithischen%20und%20kupferzeitlichen%20Populationen%20zu%20untersuchen%20und%20die%20daraus%20resultierenden%20Ergebnisse%20mit%20anderen%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20genetischen%20Daten%20zu%20vergleichen.rnInsgesamt%20wurden%20323%20Individuen%20aus%2032%20ungarischen%2C%20kroatischen%20und%20slowakischen%20Fundpl%5Cu00e4tzen%20beprobt%20und%20bearbeitet%20in%20den%20arch%5Cu00e4ogenetischen%20Laboren%20der%20Johannes%20Gutenberg-Universit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20Mainz.%20Die%20DNA%20Ergebnisse%20wurden%20mit%20verschiedenen%20populationsgenetischen%20Methoden%20ausgewertet.%20Vergleichsdaten%20von%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20und%20modernen%20eurasiatischen%20Populationen%20wurden%20dazu%20gesammelt.rnDie%20HVS-I%20Region%20der%20mitochondrialen%20DNA%20konnten%20bei%20256%20Individuen%20reproduziert%20und%20authentifiziert%20werden%20%28mit%20einer%20Erfolgsrate%20von%2085.9%25%29.%20Die%20Typisierung%20der%20HVS-II%20Region%20%20war%20in%2080%20F%5Cu00e4llen%20erfolgreich.%20Testend%20alle%20gut%20erhaltene%20Proben%2C%20die%20Y-chromosomale%20Haplogruppe%20konnte%20in%2033%20m%5Cu00e4nnlichen%20Individuen%20typisiert%20werden.rnDie%20neolithischen%2C%20mitochondrialen%20Haplogruppen%20deuten%20auf%20eine%20hohe%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20%20des%20maternalen%20Genpools%20hin.%20Sowohl%20die%20mitochondrialen%20als%20auch%20die%20Y-chromosomalen%20Daten%20lassen%20R%5Cu00fcckschl%5Cu00fcsse%20auf%20eine%20nah-%5Cu00f6stliche%20bzw.%20s%5Cu00fcdwestasiatische%20Herkunft%20der%20fr%5Cu00fchen%20Bauern%20zu.%20Die%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20linearbandkermaischen-Populationen%20in%20westlichem%20Karpatenbecken%20%28letztere%20abgek%5Cu00fcrzt%20als%20LBKT%29%20und%20die%20linearbandkermaischen-Population%20in%20Mitteleuropa%20%28LBK%29%20haben%20so%20starke%20genetische%20%5Cu00c4hnlichkeit%2C%20dass%20die%20Verbreitung%20der%20LBK%20nach%20Mitteleuropa%20mit%20vorangegangenen%20Wanderungsereignissen%20zu%20erkl%5Cu00e4ren%20ist.%20Die%20Transdanubische%20aDNA%20Daten%20zeigen%20hohe%20Affinit%5Cu00e4t%20zu%20den%20publizierten%20pr%5Cu00e4historischen%20aDNA%20Datens%5Cu00e4tzen%20von%20Mitteleuropa%20aus%20den%206.-4.%20Jahrtausende%20vor%20Chr.%20Die%20maternal-genetische%20Variabilit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20Star%5Cu010devo-Population%20konnte%20auch%20innerhalb%20der%20nachfolgenden%20Populationen%20Transdanubiens%20festgestellt%20werden.%20Nur%20kleinere%20Infiltrationen%20und%20Immigrationsereignissen%20konnten%20w%5Cu00e4hrend%20der%20Vin%5Cu010da-%2C%20LBKT-%2C%20Sopot-%20und%20Balaton-Lasinja-Kultur%20in%20Transdanubien%20identifiziert%20werden.%20Zwischen%20den%20transdanubischen%20Regionen%20konnten%20m%5Cu00f6gliche%20genetische%20Unterschiede%20nur%20in%20der%20LBKT%20%20und%20in%20der%20Lengyel-Periode%20beobachtet%20werden%2C%20als%20sich%20die%20n%5Cu00f6rdlichen%20Gruppen%20von%20den%20s%5Cu00fcdlichen%20Populationen%20trennten.%20rnDie%20festgestellte%20Heterogenit%5Cu00e4t%20der%20mtDNA%20in%20Zusammenhang%20mit%20der%20Y-chromosomalen%20Homogenit%5Cu00e4t%20in%20den%20Star%5Cu010devo-%20und%20LBK-Populationen%2C%20weisen%20auf%20patrilokale%20Residenzregeln%20und%20patrilineare%20Abstammungsregeln%20in%20den%20ersten%20Bauergemeinschaften%20hin.%20rnObwohl%20die%20hier%20pr%5Cu00e4sentierten%20Daten%20einen%20gro%5Cu00dfen%20Fortschritt%20in%20der%20Forschung%20von%20aDNA%20und%20Neolithikum%20des%20Karpatenbeckens%20und%20Mitteleuropas%20bedeuten%2C%20werfen%20sie%20auch%20mehrere%20Fragen%20auf%2C%20deren%20Beantwortung%20durch%20zuk%5Cu00fcnftige%20Genomforschungen%20erbracht%20werden%20k%5Cu00f6nnte.%20%5CnThe%20focus%20of%20this%20thesis%20is%20the%20Neolithic%20in%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20more%20precisely%20the%20western%20part%20of%20today%5Cu2019s%20Hungary%2C%20which%20also%20called%20as%20Transdanubia.rnThe%20aims%20of%20this%20work%20are%20to%20study%20the%20genetic%20diversity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20and%20Early%5C%2FMiddle%20Chalcolithic%20cultures%5Cu2019%20populations%20%28sixth-fifth%20millennia%20BC%29%20in%20Transdanubia%20from%20both%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20Y-chromosome%20perspectives%2C%20and%20to%20specify%20the%20main%20population%20genetic%20events%20during%20this%20period.%20Closer%20observing%20the%20Transdanubian%20sample%20set%2C%20the%20genetic%20regional%20differences%20are%20also%20examined.%20Further%20topic%20is%20the%20genetic%20investigation%20of%20the%20Mesolithic%5C%2FNeolithic%20transition%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20southeastern%20European%20Star%5Cu010devo%20farmers.%20I%20also%20aim%20to%20compare%20the%20Transdanubian%20results%20with%20prehistoric%20data%2C%20especially%20with%20the%20European%20pre-Neolithic%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20Neolithic%20datasets.%20The%20parallel%20analyses%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20and%20the%20Y-chromosome%20raise%20the%20question%2C%20whether%20men%20and%20women%20had%20different%20migration%20patterns%20or%20Neolithisation%20histories.%20rnAltogether%2032%20Mesolithic%2C%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20archaeological%20sites%20were%20included%20in%20the%20sampling%2C%20which%20encompassed%20323%20individuals%20or%20skeletal%20remains%20from%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20Samples%20from%20298%20individuals%20were%20processed%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20laboratories%20of%20the%20Johannes%20Gutenberg%20University%20of%20Mainz.%20Following%20strict%20standards%20of%20the%20clean%20laboratory%20work%20and%20reproducing%20the%20results%20from%20at%20least%20two%20samples%20per%20skeleton%2C%20authenticated%20aDNA%20haplotype%20of%20the%20mtDNA%20HVS-I%20region%20were%20obtained%20in%20256%20cases.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20HVS-II%20region%20sequences%20of%2080%20individuals%20were%20reproduced%2C%20detecting%20potential%20intra-site%20maternally%20kinship%20relations.%20Endogenous%20aDNA%20sequences%20were%20verified%20through%20cloning%20process.%20The%20mtDNA%20haplogroup%20definitions%20were%20ascertained%20through%20the%20analysis%20of%2022%20mtDNA%20coding%20region%20polymorphisms.%20Screening%20all%20well-preserved%20samples%2C%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20haplogroups%20were%20defined%20in%2033%20Neolithic%20and%20Chalcolithic%20individuals.%20For%20the%20population%20genetic%20analyses%2C%20large%20sets%20of%20comparative%20aDNA%2C%20modern%20mtDNA%2C%20and%20Y-chromosome%20data%20were%20collated%20and%20used.%20The%20results%20were%20evaluated%20with%20a%20suite%20of%20population%20genetic%20analyses%20%28Fst%20analysis%2C%20PCA%2C%20MDS%2C%20ASHA%2C%20GDM%2C%20TPC%29.rnIt%20can%20be%20inferred%20from%20the%20mitochondrial%20and%20Y-chromosomal%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20that%20at%20the%20advent%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20both%20farmer%20men%20and%20women%2C%20originated%20from%20the%20Near%20East%2C%20migrated%20into%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin.%20The%20first%20Neolithic%20Star%5Cu010devo%20culture%5Cu2019s%20people%20had%20a%20remarkable%20mtDNA%20variability%2C%20which%20were%20largely%20transmitted%20to%20the%20succeeding%20populations.%20The%20hunter-gatherers%20show%20negligible%20contribution%20in%20the%20early%20farmers%5Cu2019%20maternal%20and%20paternal%20gene%20pool.%20The%20emergence%20and%20spread%20of%20the%20Central%20European%20LBK%20can%20be%20genetically%20traced%20back%20to%20the%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%20%28population%20of%20the%20LBK%20in%20Transdanubia%20or%20LBKT%29%2C%20corresponding%20to%20most%20archaeological%20assumptions%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014a%29.%20The%20regional%20LBK%20genetic%20datasets%20show%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20across%20large%20distances%20in%20Europe%20%28Sz%5Cu00e9cs%5Cu00e9nyi-Nagy%20et%20al.%2C%202014b%29.%20The%20genetic%20effect%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20population%20was%20still%20significant%20in%20the%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20of%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%20of%20Central%20Germany.%20The%20Early%20Neolithic%20genetic%20substrate%20dominated%20the%20Neolithic%20of%20Transdanubia%20as%20well%3B%20only%20few%20hints%20indicate%20smaller%20infiltration%20or%20immigration%20events%20during%20the%20Vin%5Cu010da%2C%20LBKT%2C%20Sopot%2C%20and%20Balaton-Lasinja%20periods.%20The%20complete%20Transdanubian%20mtDNA%20dataset%20closely%20affiliated%20to%20the%20Neolithic%20populations%20in%20eastern%20Hungary%20%28Keerl%2C%202014%29%2C%20and%20the%20Central%20European%20sixth-fourth%20millennia%20BC%20populations%20%28published%20by%20Brandt%20et%20al.%2C%202013%29.%20rnThe%20close%20maternal%20genetic%20affinity%20of%20the%20Neolithic%20Transdanubian%20populations%20to%20each%20other%20got%20new%20shades%20when%20the%20LBKT%20and%20Lengyel%20datasets%20were%20split%20into%20north%20and%20south%20groups.%20The%20here%20assumed%20north-south%20genetic%20difference%20in%20the%20Middle%20and%20Late%20Neolithic%20Transdanubia%20should%20be%20further%20investigated%20by%20whole%20genome%20studies%20and%20more%20balanced%20sample%20distribution.%20rnThe%20observed%20heterogeneity%20of%20the%20Star%5Cu010devo%20and%20LBKT%20maternal%20gene%20pool%20coupled%20with%20Y-chromosomal%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20early%20farming%20populations%20suggest%20the%20residential%20rule%20of%20patrilocality%20and%20patrilineality%20in%20these%20communities.%20The%20paternal%20diversity%20though%20raised%20in%20the%20Late%20Neolithic%2C%20the%20high%20maternal%20diversity%20still%20support%20continuous%20social%20system%20from%20the%20Early%20Neolithic%20onward.rnThis%20study%20presents%20the%20first%20detailed%20population%20genetic%20survey%2C%20with%20an%20exceptionally%20large%20number%20of%20ancient%20DNA%20data%20of%20the%20sixth-fifth%20millennium%20BC%20western%20Carpathian%20Basin%2C%20which%20was%20a%20corridor%20on%20the%20Continental%20Route%20of%20the%20European%20Neolithisation.%20Even%20if%20the%20described%20results%20in%20this%20thesis%20mark%20a%20milestone%20in%20the%20archaeogenetic%20research%20of%20the%20Carpathian%20Basin%5Cu2019s%20prehistory%2C%20several%20questions%20remain%20open%20for%20further%20ancient%20genomic%20analyses.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Johannes%20Gutenberg%20Universit%5Cu00e4t%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-18%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de%5C%2Fvolltexte%5C%2F2015%5C%2F4075%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-20T16%3A23%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225SJS3H4N%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Penninx%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EPenninx%20W.%20Jewish%20Y-DNA.%202015%20%5Bcited%2018%20Dec%202015%5D.%20Available%3A%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Jewish%20Y-DNA%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Penninx%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22study%20collects%20Jewish%20Y-DNA%20and%20groups%20them%20in%20paternal%20line%20branches.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fjewishdna.net%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A29%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226P3PXW2I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Allentoft%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EAllentoft%20ME%2C%20Sikora%20M%2C%20Sj%26%23xF6%3Bgren%20K-G%2C%20Rasmussen%20S%2C%20Rasmussen%20M%2C%20Stenderup%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia.%20Nature.%202015%3B522%3A%20167%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Population%20genomics%20of%20Bronze%20Age%20Eurasia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allentoft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sikora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl-G%5Cu00f6ran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sj%5Cu00f6gren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rasmussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jesper%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stenderup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Damgaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schroeder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Torbj%5Cu00f6rn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ahlstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasse%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vinner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna-Sapfo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaspinas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ashot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Margaryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Higham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chivall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Niels%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lynnerup%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lise%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harvig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justyna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Della%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pawe%5Cu0142%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D%5Cu0105browski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duffy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ebel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epimakhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frei%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miros%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furmanek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tomasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gralak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gromov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stanis%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gronkiewicz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grupe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tam%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hajdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rados%5Cu0142aw%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jarysz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Valeri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khartanovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexandr%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khokhlov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vikt%5Cu00f3ria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kol%5Cu00e1%5Cu0159%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aivar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kriiska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lasak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cristina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Longhi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McGlynn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Algimantas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkevicius%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Inga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Merkyte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ruzan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mkrtchyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vyacheslav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moiseyev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L%5Cu00e1szl%5Cu00f3%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paja%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gy%5Cu00f6rgy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P%5Cu00e1lfi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pokutta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu0141ukasz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pospieszny%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20Douglas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Price%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lehti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikhail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sablin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shishlina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V%5Cu00e1clav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smr%5Cu010dka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vasilii%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soenov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vajk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Szever%5Cu00e9nyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guszt%5Cu00e1v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T%5Cu00f3th%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Synaru%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trifanova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liivi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Varul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Magdolna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladislav%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhitenev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludovic%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orlando%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sicheritz-Pont%5Cu00e9n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S%5Cu00f8ren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brunak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kristiansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Bronze%20Age%20of%20Eurasia%20%28around%203000%5Cu20131000%20BC%29%20was%20a%20period%20of%20major%20cultural%20changes.%20However%2C%20there%20is%20debate%20about%20whether%20these%20changes%20resulted%20from%20the%20circulation%20of%20ideas%20or%20from%20human%20migrations%2C%20potentially%20also%20facilitating%20the%20spread%20of%20languages%20and%20certain%20phenotypic%20traits.%20We%20investigated%20this%20by%20using%20new%2C%20improved%20methods%20to%20sequence%20low-coverage%20genomes%20from%20101%20ancient%20humans%20from%20across%20Eurasia.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20Bronze%20Age%20was%20a%20highly%20dynamic%20period%20involving%20large-scale%20population%20migrations%20and%20replacements%2C%20responsible%20for%20shaping%20major%20parts%20of%20present-day%20demographic%20structure%20in%20both%20Europe%20and%20Asia.%20Our%20findings%20are%20consistent%20with%20the%20hypothesized%20spread%20of%20Indo-European%20languages%20during%20the%20Early%20Bronze%20Age.%20We%20also%20demonstrate%20that%20light%20skin%20pigmentation%20in%20Europeans%20was%20already%20present%20at%20high%20frequency%20in%20the%20Bronze%20Age%2C%20but%20not%20lactose%20tolerance%2C%20indicating%20a%20more%20recent%20onset%20of%20positive%20selection%20on%20lactose%20tolerance%20than%20previously%20thought.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-06-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnature14507%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-0836%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnature%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv522%5C%2Fn7555%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnature14507.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SCSRI2BE%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-18T03%3A12%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6XCHVMM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hammer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EHammer%20MF%2C%20Behar%20DM%2C%20Karafet%20TM%2C%20Mendez%20FL%2C%20Hallmark%20B%2C%20Erez%20T%2C%20et%20al.%20Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood.%20Human%20Genetics.%202009%3B126%3A%20707%26%23x2013%3B717.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Extended%20Y%20chromosome%20haplotypes%20resolve%20multiple%20and%20unique%20lineages%20of%20the%20Jewish%20priesthood%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hallmark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tamar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Erez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lev%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhivotovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Saharon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skorecki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009-11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220340-6717%2C%201432-1203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flink.springer.com%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00439-009-0727-5%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-12-17T16%3A36%3A45Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJUS9ETB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A695365%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Karmin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E1.%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EKarmin%20M%2C%20Saag%20L%2C%20Vicente%20M%2C%20Sayres%20MAW%2C%20J%26%23xE4%3Brve%20M%2C%20Talas%20UG%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture.%20Genome%20Res.%202015%20%5Bcited%205%20Oct%202015%5D.%20%3Ca%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%27%3Ehttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20recent%20bottleneck%20of%20Y%20chromosome%20diversity%20coincides%20with%20a%20global%20change%20in%20culture%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monika%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karmin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1rio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vicente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%20A.%20Wilson%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sayres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00e4rve%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ulvi%20Gerst%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Siiri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rootsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anne-Mai%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilum%5Cu00e4e%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reedik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e4gi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pagani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tarmo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puurand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zuzana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Faltyskova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clemente%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ene%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hovhannes%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahakyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bayazit%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yunusbayev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Georgi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hudjashov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22DeGiorgio%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva-Liis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loogv%5Cu00e4li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eichstaedt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mikk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eelmets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gyaneshwer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaubey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristiina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tambets%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Litvinov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maru%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mormina%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yali%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Qasim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ayub%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Grigor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoraqi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thorfinn%20Sand%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korneliussen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Farida%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lachance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tishkoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kuvat%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Momynaliev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois-Xavier%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ricaut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pradiptajati%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kusuma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harilanto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Razafindrazaka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Denis%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pierron%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Murray%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gazi%20Nurun%20Nahar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sultana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rane%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westaway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vedrana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Skaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lejla%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kova%5Cu010devi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shahlo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Turdikulova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dilbar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dalimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusainova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natalya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trofimova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Akhmetova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khidiyatova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daria%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jainagul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isakova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elvira%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pocheshkhova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhaxylyk%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabitov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolay%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barashkov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pagbajabyn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nymadawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Evelin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mihailov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joseph%20Wee%20Tien%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Seng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Irina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evseeva%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Bamberg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Migliano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Syafiq%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abdullah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22George%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andriadze%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dragan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Primorac%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubov%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Atramentova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olga%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Utevska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Levon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yepiskoposyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Damir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marjanovi%5Cu0107%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kushniarevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Doron%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilissen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisenka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vissers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joris%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veltman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Miroslava%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Derenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malyarchuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andres%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sardana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fedorova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eriksson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manica%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fernando%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mendez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tatiana%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Karafet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krishna%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Veeramah%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bradman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ludmila%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Osipova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oleg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balanovsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elza%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khusnutdinova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Knut%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maido%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tyler-Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Underhill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eske%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willerslev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rasmus%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nielsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mait%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Metspalu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villems%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toomas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kivisild%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22It%20is%20commonly%20thought%20that%20human%20genetic%20diversity%20in%20non-African%20populations%20was%20shaped%20primarily%20by%20an%20out-of-Africa%20dispersal%2050%5Cu2013100%20thousand%20yr%20ago%20%28kya%29.%20Here%2C%20we%20present%20a%20study%20of%20456%20geographically%20diverse%20high-coverage%20Y%20chromosome%20sequences%2C%20including%20299%20newly%20reported%20samples.%20Applying%20ancient%20DNA%20calibration%2C%20we%20date%20the%20Y-chromosomal%20most%20recent%20common%20ancestor%20%28MRCA%29%20in%20Africa%20at%20254%20%2895%25%20CI%20192%5Cu2013307%29%20kya%20and%20detect%20a%20cluster%20of%20major%20non-African%20founder%20haplogroups%20in%20a%20narrow%20time%20interval%20at%2047%5Cu201352%20kya%2C%20consistent%20with%20a%20rapid%20initial%20colonization%20model%20of%20Eurasia%20and%20Oceania%20after%20the%20out-of-Africa%20bottleneck.%20In%20contrast%20to%20demographic%20reconstructions%20based%20on%20mtDNA%2C%20we%20infer%20a%20second%20strong%20bottleneck%20in%20Y-chromosome%20lineages%20dating%20to%20the%20last%2010%20ky.%20We%20hypothesize%20that%20this%20bottleneck%20is%20caused%20by%20cultural%20changes%20affecting%20variance%20of%20reproductive%20success%20among%20males.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015-03-13%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1101%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221088-9051%2C%201549-5469%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fgenome.cshlp.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2Fearly%5C%2F2015%5C%2F03%5C%2F13%5C%2Fgr.186684.114%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22SINHTM79%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-10-05T02%3A07%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Szecsenyi-Nagy A. Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Johannes Gutenberg Universität. 2015. Available: http://ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de/volltexte/2015/4075/
1.
Penninx W. Jewish Y-DNA. 2015 [cited 18 Dec 2015]. Available: http://jewishdna.net/
1.
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren K-G, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522: 167–172. http://doi.org/10.1038/nature14507
1.
Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Hallmark B, Erez T, et al. Extended Y chromosome haplotypes resolve multiple and unique lineages of the Jewish priesthood. Human Genetics. 2009;126: 707–717. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5
1.
Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Sayres MAW, Järve M, Talas UG, et al. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Res. 2015 [cited 5 Oct 2015]. http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.186684.114